钝叶榕果实内繁殖的两种榕小蜂与寄主榕树间的协同进化

 榕树(Ficus)及其传粉榕小蜂(Agaonidae)构成了高度专一的互惠共生体系。榕树的果实(以下简称榕果)内也寄生着一些非传粉小蜂。 绝大多数非传粉小蜂在榕果外把产卵器刺入果壁产卵到果腔内, 只有极少数种类能够进入果腔内产卵。在西双版纳地区, 钝叶榕(Ficus curtipes)上的杨氏榕树金小蜂(Diaziella yangi)类似于传粉者钝叶榕小蜂(Eupristina sp.), 它也是进入榕果内产卵繁殖后代的, 这就为比 较研究榕果内产卵小蜂与寄主榕树间的关系提供了材料。该文从形态学、行为学和生态学角度比较研究了这两种进入榕果内产卵的小蜂与寄主 钝叶榕之间的作用关系, 研究结果显示: 1)杨氏榕树金小蜂与钝叶榕小蜂的雌蜂头部形状存在趋同进化; 2)两种小蜂的产卵器的平均长度都比 雌花花柱长, 因而能把卵产在子房里; 3)钝叶榕小蜂从瘿花出来需要3~5 h, 交配需要17~19 min, 杨氏榕树金小蜂从瘿花出来只需18~20 min, 交配时间为20~30 s; 4)在自然群落中, 大约90%的雌花期榕果里都只进一只杨氏榕树金小蜂和一只钝叶榕小蜂, 杨氏榕树金小蜂能通过传粉来 增加榕树种子数量, 但对钝叶榕小蜂种群的繁衍造成了极显著的负面影响; 5)两种小蜂于同一时期进入榕果内繁殖, 子代同期成熟羽化, 发育 期与榕树雄花的发育期同步。研究表明: 进入榕果内繁殖的两种小蜂与寄主榕树之间存在着协同进化关系, 杨氏榕树金小蜂为榕树有效地传粉, 这可能是一个由寄生者向互惠方向进化的实例。     

Isolation of microsatellite loci in the pollinating fig wasp of Ficus hispida, Ceratosolen solmsi

Microsatellite loci were isolated for Ceratosolen solmsi , pollinator of the dioecious Ficus hispida. We developed nine polymorphic microsatellite loci based on the method of polymerase chain reaction isolation of microsatellite arrays (PIMA). Enrichment of genomic libraries was performed by random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD). A subset of 38 positive clones was sequenced; 15 clones showed microsatellite loci. We tested 15 designed primer pairs and nine of them produced polymorphic amplification in 48 individual wasps collected from different fruits of the dioecious host fig Ficus hispida in China. Among the 48 individuals, 49 alleles were obtained at the nine loci. The observed heterozygosity ranged between 0.357 and 0.634.     

云南省榕小蜂和榕树的物种组成及多样性

榕小蜂是榕树(Ficus spp．)唯一的传粉昆虫,榕树隐头果又是榕小蜂唯一的寄主：榕树必须依靠榕小蜂传粉才能获得有性繁殖;而榕小蜂又必须依靠榕树隐头果内的瘿花作为食物和栖息场所才能正常生长、发育和繁衍后代,因此两者间有着不可互缺的互惠共生关系,二者缺一就面临着两类物种同时消亡和群落的灭绝。云南是中国榕树和榕小蜂种类最丰富的省份。本文报道了在云南采集到的榕小蜂类群,隶属12属50种。云南的榕树和榕小蜂主要分布在热带和南亚热带地区的河谷和海拔1600m以下区域：随着海拔的升高,两类物种数量随之减少,到了海拔3700m以上地区,除了人工种植外,已无自然分布的榕树种群。榕小蜂的个体数量、物种丰富度、多样性指数都是在滇南地区热带雨林内最高,滇西北的高山峡谷区最低。     

The functional implications of active and passive pollination in dioecious figs

Fig-pollinating wasps lay their eggs in fig flowers. Some species of fig-pollinating wasps are active pollinators, while others passively transfer pollen. In dioecious fig species, the ovules of male figs produce wasps but no seeds. By observations and experiments on four dioecious Ficus species we show that (i) passive pollinators distribute pollen haphazardly within figs, but fertilization of female flowers in male figs is inhibited. Consequently, wasp larvae will develop in nonfertilized ovules: they cannot benefit from pollination; (ii) active pollinators efficiently fertilize flowers in which they oviposit. Lack of pollination increases larval mortality. Hence, fig pollinators are not obligate seed eaters but ovule gallers. Active pollination has probably evolved as a way to improve progeny nourishment.
Comparison of pollination and oviposition process in male and female figs, suggests that stigma shape and function have coevolved with pollination behaviour, in relation to constraints linked with dioecy.     

Phenology of figs in Budongo Forest Uganda and its importance for the chimpanzee diet

This paper reports on the phenological patterns of figs in Budongo Forest, Uganda, and how it relates to chimpanzee food availability in different seasons. In addition, we analysed the dung of chimpanzees to understand the composition of fruits in their diet. The aim of our study was to assess Ficus phenology and how it affects chimpanzee diet. Fifteen species of figs were monitored for fruit (syconium) and leaf phenology between June 2000 and 2001. Ficus fruit production varied significantly between and within species, and also with tree trunk and crown diameters. Fig fruit production was asynchronous and individual fig trees produced crops from one to five times in a year. In addition to fruits, chimpanzees fed on young leaves of some Ficus species. Shedding of old Ficus leaves coincided with the dry season, followed by appearance of young leaves. The dry season in Budongo is a period of general fruit scarcity. The combination of fig fruits and young leaves make up the most important food in the diet of chimpanzees. From the chimpanzee dung, more than 78% of seeds comprised fig ‘seeds’ (nutlets) and the rest of the diaspores were from other tree species. Our findings suggest that chimpanzees disperse large number of diaspores in their dung, thereby serving as important agents of natural forest regeneration.     

Interactions of the ant Crematogaster scutellaris with the fig/fig wasp mutualism

Abstract. 1. A classical example of specialised pollination mutualisms is the relationship between fig trees and their pollinating wasps, in which each partner depends completely on the other for its reproduction; however the fig/fig wasp association is also the target of a great diversity of other species, ranging from specialised parasites to opportunistic foragers, among them ants.
2. The ant community and the sources of ant attraction observed on the Mediterranean fig tree Ficus carica were characterised.
3. A guild of ants attracted by homopterans tended on the plant was distinguished from a second guild composed of two co-dominant ant species ( Crematogaster scutellaris and Pheidole pallidula ) that prey mostly on pollinating wasps, abundant during certain parts of the fig cycle.
4. Foraging workers of C. scutellaris search for prey on the fig inflorescence (syconium), capturing pollinating wasps mostly at the peak of wasp emergence and at a rate estimated to reach 600 prey per day for an entire tree.
5. Detailed study of the predatory sequences displayed under experimental conditions showed that ant workers captured 100% of the pollinating wasps offered, while they captured only 5.5% of the parasitoid wasp specific to the pollinator. The respective impacts of the interaction on ants and on the figs are discussed, as well as several behavioural traits of predation by the dominant ant on pollinators.     

木瓜榕上昆虫群落结构及分布特征

对西双版纳热带雨林木瓜榕上的昆虫群落结构和分布特征进行了研究。结果表明：样地内共采集到木瓜榕树上昆虫48974号,隶属9个目,30个科,56属,70种。主要是鞘翅目、鳞翅目、膜翅目、同翅目、双翅目、等翅目、半翅目、脉翅目和缨翅目的科、属和种类。属和种以鞘翅目和膜翅目类群最丰富;个体数量是膜翅目最多, 高达68.79%, 其中56.58%是传粉类昆虫。从垂直分布规律看：种类和数量是老茎结果部位最高,占71.34%, 在青果期和熟果期表现最丰富;树冠与叶片部位次之,比率为15.68%;根部再次之(9.55%);枝杈和主干最低, 仅占3.42%。在不同季节中,雨季的种类和个体数量最高,为35.96%;干热季节次之(34.22%),干凉季节最低(29.82%)。     

薜荔和爱玉及其传粉昆虫繁殖特性

薜荔(Ficus pumila L．var．pumila)隶属桑科榕属,爱玉(F．pumila L．var．awkeotsanmg Corner)为其变种,它们的花是单性的,雌雄异株。雌花序中着生雌花,雄花序中有瘿花和雄花,每个花序中花的数量极多,达4000～6000朵。薜荔榕小蜂是唯一能进入薜荔和爱玉的隐头花序中产卵或传粉的共生昆虫,自然状态下雌花的结实率分别为82％、83．52％;瘿花的成虫瘿率分别为58．71％、51．32％,因此可形成大量的果实和虫瘿。物候观察表明薜荔和爱玉花期不遇,它们花序中的榕小蜂种群已经生殖隔离。人为的放蜂实验表明,生活于爱玉花序中的榕小蜂,已无法在薜荔花序中繁殖,生殖隔离进一步得到证实;实验同时表明爱玉的花粉亦不能使薜荔雌花结实,宿主两变种间生理上已不亲和。本文从共生双方协同进化的角度出发,探讨了榕树2变种间与传粉昆虫繁殖特性的差异,以及变种产生的主要原因。     

Evaluation of anti-pyretic potential of Ficus racemosa bark.

A study was carried out to evaluate the anti-pyretic effect of a methanol extract of stem bark of Ficus racemosa Linn. (MEFR) on normal body temperature and yeast-induced pyrexia in albino rats. A yeast suspension (10 ml/kg body wt.) increased rectal temperature 19 h after subcutaneous injection. The MEFR, at doses of 100, 200 and 300 mg/kg body wt. p.o., showed significant dose-dependent reduction in normal body temperature and yeast-provoked elevated temperature. The effect extended up to 5 h after drug administration. The anti-pyretic effect of MEFR was comparable to that of paracetamol (150 mg/kg body wt., p.o.), a standard anti-pyretic agent.